BBB opening/radionuclides
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and is characterized by rapid growth, high invasiveness, and poor prognosis. Despite standard treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide (TMZ), tumor recurrence is almost inevitable. Although recent advances in radiopharmaceuticals, their clinical translation remains limited by poor delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–tumor barrier (BTB). These physiological barriers normally protect the brain by strictly regulating molecular transport from the bloodstream into brain tissue, but they also significantly restrict the entry of many therapeutic agents.